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Secciones: Software y Conocimiento Libre -  Brasil

Título: Brasil apuesta por desarrollar software libre para Linux y abandonar Micro$oft Windows

Texto del artículo:

(Tomado del New York Times, 28/3/05):

SÃO PAULO, Brazil, March 28 - Since taking office two years ago, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva has turned Brazil into a tropical outpost of the free software movement.

Looking to save millions of dollars in royalties and licensing fees, Mr. da Silva has instructed government ministries and state-run companies to gradually switch from costly operating systems made by Microsoft and others to free operating systems, like Linux. On Mr. da Silva's watch, Brazil has also become the first country to require any company or research institute that receives government financing to develop software to license it as open-source, meaning the underlying software code must be free to all.

Now Brazil's government looks poised to take its free software campaign to
the masses. And once again Microsoft may end up on the sidelines.

By the end of April, the government plans to roll out a much ballyhooed
program called PC Conectado, or Connected PC, aimed at helping millions of
low-income Brazilians buy their first computers.

And if the president's top technology adviser gets his way, the program may
end up offering computers with only free software, including the operating
system, handpicked by the government instead of giving consumers the option
of paying more for, say, a basic edition of Microsoft Windows.

"For this program to be viable, it has to be with free software," said
Sérgio Amadeu, president of Brazil's National Institute of Information
Technology, the agency that oversees the government's technology
initiatives. "We're not going to spend taxpayers' money on a program so that
Microsoft can further consolidate its monopoly. It's the government's
responsibility to ensure that there is competition, and that means giving
alternative software platforms a chance to prosper."

Microsoft has offered to provide a simplified, discounted version of Windows
for the program. Though a final decision on which software to install has
been delayed several times, as has the program's rollout, Mr. Amadeu and
some other government officials have publicly criticized Microsoft's
proposal, calling the version's abilities too limited.

Still, Microsoft has not given up just yet. The company, which declined to
make an executive available for an interview, said in a statement that it
was still "working with the PC Conectado project to see if there's a way
Microsoft can help."

Under the program, which is expected to offer tax incentives for computer
makers to cut prices and a generous payment plan for consumers, the
government hopes to offer desktops for around 1,400 reais ($509) or less.
The machines will be comparable to those costing almost twice that outside
the program.

Buyers will be able to pay in 24 installments of 50 to 60 reais, or about
$18 to $21.80 a month, an amount affordable for many working poor. The
country's top three fixed-line telephone companies - Telefónica of Spain;
Tele Norte Leste Participações, or Telemar; and Brasil Telecom - have agreed
to provide a dial-up Internet connection to participants for 7.50 reais, or
less than $3, a month, allowing 15 hours of Web surfing.

The program aims at households and small-business owners earning three to
seven times the minimum monthly wage, or about $284 to $662. The government
says seven million qualify, and it hopes to reach a million of them by
year-end.

That may seem ambitious in a developing country of 183 million people where
only 10 percent of all households have Internet access and just 900,000
computers are sold legally each year. (Including black-market sales, the
number is closer to four million, still a small fraction of the number sold
in the United States last year, according to the International Data
Corporation, a technology research firm.)

"We're well aware that we're talking about doubling the domestic market for
personal computers," said Cezar Alvarez, the presidential aide in charge of
the PC Conectado program. "But it's absolutely feasible."

Some analysts have questioned the effectiveness of such programs, noting
that some similar projects in Asia have become bogged down in red tape and,
in some cases, have ended up favoring the elite. In Malaysia, for instance,
the government is introducing a second affordable-computer program after its
first attempt failed because of poor planning and fraud - something
Brazilian officials say they are working hard to prevent.

Others say the government should focus its technology initiatives elsewhere,
especially in schools. Only 19 percent of Brazil's public schools have
computers.

The government says it plans to complement the PC Conectado program with
stepped-up efforts to put more computers into schools. It is also investing
$74 million to open 1,000 community centers in poor neighborhoods by
year-end with computers that run free software programs and offer free
Internet access - supplementing similar programs by local governments and
nongovernmental organizations.

The drive to bridge the digital divide has drawn widespread praise
throughout the technology industry. But the preference for open-source
software has been controversial, with critics inside and outside the
government saying Mr. da Silva's administration is letting leftist ideology
trump the laws of supply and demand.

"The government shouldn't be the one who decides what hardware and software
will go into these computers," said Júlio Semeghini, a member of Congress
from the opposition Social Democratic Party. "That's undemocratic."

The open-source route, however, has support beyond the da Silva
administration. Walter Bender, the executive director of the Media Lab at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, whose opinion was solicited by
the Brazilian government, replied in a recent letter that "high-quality free
software" has proved more effective in stimulating computer use among the
poor than scaled-down versions of proprietary software.

Though he said he did not oppose giving consumers a choice, he concluded
that "free software provides a basis for more widespread access, more
powerful uses and a much stronger platform for long-term growth and
development."

Whatever the government decides, most industry analysts agree that the
program will probably help combat software piracy, which is widespread in
Brazil.

And by wooing new consumers, "even if the program doesn't reach its goals,
it's going to end up stimulating the computer and software markets," said
Jorge Sukarie, president of the Brazilian Association of Software Companies.
"It's not perfect, but it's certainly better than nothing."

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